Summary
Facilities designed for intensively raised animals
trained to lead are not appropriate for handling extensively raised
animals unaccustomed to close contact with people. The author provides
information on facility design for both intensively and extensively
raised livestock. Non-slip flooring in handling facilities is essential
for all livestock. Cleats must be spaced on loading ramps for trucks
or ships so that the hooves of the animals fit easily between them.
Cleats spaced too far apart cause slipping and falling. In developing
countries, building stationary ramps for vehicles of differing heights
using concrete, wood or steel is recommended. Highly mechanised
systems, such as hydraulic tailgate lifts, are not recommended in
developing countries due to maintenance difficulties. The holding
capacity for livestock shipping and receiving terminals should be
designed to hold the largest number of animals handled on the busiest
days. To maintain high standards of animal welfare, it is important
to train employees to handle animals using methods to reduce stress
and to conduct weekly audits of handling using an objective, numerical
scoring system to maintain high welfare standards.
Keywords
Animals, Handling facility, Holding yard, Livestock,
Loading ramp, Long distance, Transport, Welfare.
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