Summary
During road transportation, livestock are subjected
to a number of concurrent potential stressors that can increase
mortality and morbidity and compromise welfare status and production
efficiency. A major concern is the thermal micro-environment within
the vehicle with both heat stress and cold stress constituting major
problems. It is possible to mitigate the effects of external climatic
conditions by improving vehicle design and operation using engineering
solutions that match 'on-board' environmental conditions with the
biological requirements of the animals. This review describes an
investigative approach that targets four elements. These are the
thermal conditions on commercial transport vehicles under a range
of climatic conditions, the 'thermal comfort zones' or target conditions
for different livestock species, the heat and moisture loads upon
vehicles that must be dissipated and the thermodynamic characteristics
of animal transport vehicles that affect the design of mechanical
or active ventilation systems able to function at maximum efficiency
under everyday commercial conditions. Results of research around
these four elements can provide the sound scientific basis for improved
vehicle design and operation and for legislation and codes of practice
aimed at optimising animal welfare and productivity in relation
to transportation of livestock on journeys of both long and short
duration.
Keywords
Animal, Cattle, Livestock, Pigs, Poultry, Road,
Sheep, Stress, Temperature, Transport, Ventilation, Welfare.
|